The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Press J to jump to the feed. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. 18091. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. Roberts, A. D. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Feature Flags: { Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. cit. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. Routledge, London 2003. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. fall into the classification of genocide. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. These are huge areas. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. I'd imagine it's the same way. 18091. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management.
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