This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. /Length 14727 It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). What is federalism? Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. stream Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. 4 Topics . Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Federalism in India. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. 1. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. . The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. /Parent 2 0 R To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Your email address will not be published. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). by the federal or any state government. (eds. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. You are welcome dear reader. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. He rejects the assertion that Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. /Filter /FlateDecode Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. /Filter /DCTDecode This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. 7 Topics . Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. 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Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. The states were later increased to 30 states. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. /F2 9 0 R According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. /F1 6 0 R It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. /F5 18 0 R This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. I love this article,very educating and interesting You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. 2. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Adobe d C MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. |4-Iv So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. History of federal system of government in nigeria. /F7 24 0 R Required fields are marked *. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to This is because most of the power (financial and. /F3 12 0 R Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. % Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. It also decided that the Public . We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. %PDF-1.5 Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 3. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. % You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. 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