Rembrandt's free use of line, the unique deep black of many of his etchings and his masterly use of the drypoint were very popular and his work was much sought after by the many print collectors of the time. Hendrik was a great admirer of art and architecture and was very impressed with Rembrandts etchings and paintings. Rembrandt utilizes light and shadow to highlight Lazarus' resurrection, illuminating Lazarus' grave with a stream of white light. These sources are used in the descriptions of each etching in Park West, and they are used throughout the art world in general. Vintage prints by renowned artists, rare prints in good condition, and old prints in good condition are all potential gold mines. Rembrandt continued to be a productive artist and active teacher but remained in debt, working at the service of Hendrickje and his son Titus until their respective deaths in 1663 and 1668. Rembrandt is considered one of the most important artists of the Dutch Golden Age, and his etchings are highly prized by collectors. . From early on, paper mills marked their papers with watermarks. In the West, the idea of creating images by printing, rather than painting or drawing, probably emerged from the production of textiles and the practice of stamping pieces of fabric with repeat patterns. An etching is an intaglio printing process in which the image is carved into a metal plate using an acid. As attested to by a recent sale of the artist's etchings at Christie's (London, 2006), many of them significantly outperform their estimates: the famous Christ Crucified Between the Two Thieves (B., Holl. . He became a patron of sorts, assisting Rembrandt in jumpstarting his career as a professional artist. The paper is then laid down and passes through the etching press after that. REDUCED. The $33.2 million paid at auction for the Rembrandt painting, which was the highest price ever paid for a painting by the artist, more than doubled the previous record of 12.5 million pounds ($18.5 million) set in 2000. A 17th century/lifetime impression of Bartsch, Usticke and New Hollstein's fourth and final state of . At some point in this process he might take an impression to see what his print looks like; he might then change the plate adding some lines or burnishing out lines, check it again (thus creating a new state of the print), do this until he was satisfied with the plate, then print impressions as he cared to, sometimes over a period of years. REMBRANDTS ETCHINGS: GENRE SCENES AND BEGGARS. or Best Offer. Rembrandt held a particular fascination for beggars a fact evidenced by the many depictions of them as destitute, elderly, injured, or sick within Rembrandts etchings. Rembrandt would study humans in their natural environments, often conveying their faces in more detail than their surroundings. In some cases the early states of the prints are well documented, so if its clear that Rembrandt himself made changes to a plate, an early state would definitely be a lifetime impression. Etching. These marks, wire forms stitched to the molds used to make paper, distinguished each paper mill, so there are many different designs. Thousands of these prints (sometimes called re-strikes) are now on the market. Often people mistakenly pay too much for a common Rembrandt restrike (perhaps misleadingly sold nicely framed of course as a lifetime impression), and when they learn about what theyve done become soured on print collecting. A plate can be made of copper, iron, or zinc. To prepare the plate for etching, it is first polished to remove all scratches and imperfections from the surface. The image of Rembrandts mother is etched on ivory-colored paper. The act of etching a surface has a dramatic effect on that surface. This week, two of Rembrandt's most famous paintings, the portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit, were auctioned off for a record-breaking $180 million each, selling for a total of $180 million. Triple Portrait with Lady Fainting, a 1970s oil on board, was sold by Bloomfield, New Jersey auction house Nye and Company. ; 1610-53], Bearded man in a velvet cap with a jewel clasp, The little Jewish bride [Saskia as St. Catherine], Death appearing to a wedded couple from an open grave, A peasant in a high cap, standing leaning on a stick, Jan Uytenbogaert, [1606-84; The goldweigher], Simeon's hymn of praise [The presentation in the Temple: oblong print], Small gray landscape: a house and trees beside a pool, Sheet with two studies: a tree, and the upper part of a head of the artist wearing a velvet cap, The angel departing from the family of Tobias, Three oriental figures [Jacob and Laban? In 1916, Beaumont applied a layer . REMBRANDTS ETCHINGS: BIBLICAL SCENES AND THE HUNDRED GUILDER PRINT. Worn plates make worn impressions. It's an etching by Rembrandt, it's "Christ Before Pilate," and he started this large etching in 1635. . Watermarks may give a sense of when a print was made during Rembrandtss lifetime, and there are books and articles on Rembrandt watermarks. Cordier . Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands . Prices vary widely based on size, subject matter, edition, and condition, from a few hundred dollars for small portraits or works attributed to imitators up to several hundred thousand dollars for major works. From portraits to biblical scenes, Rembrandt captures the triumphs and tragedies of humanity with incredibly vivid and detailed portrayals. ALL Elizabeths headshots by Santi Visalli. The Rembrandt House Museum owns an almost complete collection of Rembrandt's world-famous etchings. Signed and dated in the plate in the title margin below the image Rembrandt inventor et fecit 1633. An original fine-art print is one that was created by an artist with the goal of reproducing it in small batches. Some historical collections are famous among the cognoscenti for their quality and size. An etching is considered an original work of art because it is not a copy of another work of art. Sold for 243,200 on 20-21 September 2006 at Christies in London. Rembrandt's etchings skillfully convey human emotion as viewed through the eyes of Rembrandt. Art Masterpiece - Lithograph - Portrait of Himself by REMBRANDT VAN RIJN. As attested to by a recent sale of the artist's etchings at Christie's (London, 2006), many of them significantly outperform their estimates: the famous Christ Crucified Between the Two Thieves (B., Holl. ], Man wearing a close cap: bust [The artist's father? In light of continuing developments in scholarship, connoisseurship, and the technical analysis of works of art authentication, we expect to see a significant rise in the number of new paintings attributed to Rembrandt in the next decade, especially as the findings of the Rembrandt Research Project are reconsidered. 'Basan Recueil' Prints. A buyer purchased an unattributed Rubens painting in 2010, cleaned it up, and then sold it for $5 million. Between 1626 and 1665, Rembrandt created 300 etchings and drypoints. Etchings and aquatints are made by using acid to bite the recesses into the plate, while lines are scratched directly into the plate to create adrypoint. So in 1978, The Illustrated Bartsch was established to include illustrations and new print works since attributed to Rembrandt. On April 9, the Kruizenga Art Museum opened a focused exhibition of etchings by the 17 th-century Dutch master Rembrandt van Rijn that includes eight poignant scenes from the life of Christ.These beautiful images may inspire special contemplation as we prepare to celebrate the Easter Season, but their broader . There is another etching option, but the artist must ink it every time. How important is the question of when an Old Master print was made in terms of determining its value? In 1627, Rembrandts talent as an artist captured the attention of Constantijn Huygens, secretary to Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange. So, if you come across an old Rembrandt print, its definitely worth taking a closer look at! Sheet of studies: head of the artist, a beggar couple, heads of an old man and woman, etc. He uses delicate lines to convey realistic human expression as no other artist can, evoking a sense of compassion and humanity from viewers. of Lifetime impressions can be seen in various art museums around the world such as the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Holland, and the . Rembrandt Harmensz. Louis Icarts blindstamp, which is a raised seal, was created in the mid-twentieth century. The earliest etchings on paper are believed to have been invented in Germany by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470-1536), and the earliest signed and dated etching known was created by Urs Graf in 1513. In etching, the plate can be made of iron, copper, or zinc. After the artist has removed the ground with an etching needle, the sheet is placed in an acid bath to finish. This effect was put to great use to express climactic moments and to highlight the emotions of his subjects. Bartsch cataloged many Old Master printmakers, and whenever you see a B, think of J.A. How did these respective techniques develop over time? It is possible, however, that the value will rise if the signature is identified. Etchings can be quite valuable, depending on the artist, the age of the piece, and the condition. A signature on a print or fake typically indicates that it is genuine. J.G. Copyright document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) - All Rights Reserved - Rembrandt Experts. These items have been produced for many years, with earlier versions available from the 18th Century and newer variations made as recently as . Very few examples survive of these earliest prints, which were created by anonymous craftsmen. 1 . Dutch, 1606-1669. One of the cheapest Rembrandt paintings is The Unconscious Patient (Allegory of Smell), which was sold for $2.3 million in 2006. Just to prove that etchings can be extremely valuable, Rembrandt's etchings have sold in the range from $5,000 to $150,000 USD. Please check and try again. While the big names, and Albrecht Drer and Rembrandt above all, still dominate the market in terms of the numbers of prints offered and prices achieved, fine, early impressions of their prints have today become quite scarce. The pressure in the press is enormous and with each run through the press, the printing block or plate wears. A watermarked paper etching depicts the interior of a Synagoge as people gather around. All other photos by John Flandrick. From the 17thcentury onwards, print collectors and dealers tended to mark their holdings with inscriptions and little stamps, usually on the reverse of the sheets. The goal of an appraisal is to determine the estimated value of a work of art. Santa Barbara, CA 93103. Another practical application of the new technique was the printing of playing cards indeed, the first recognisable (although anonymous) artist of this new medium is known as The Master of the Playing Cards. As one of the scions who transformed etching from a new technique to a respected art form, his printed impressions of himself are as respected as his painted ones. A further subset of collecting is provided by the direct copies of Rembrandt's prints created by 18th, 19th and 20th century artists - the 'after Rembrandt' etchings that fetch sums in the hundreds of pounds or less. Renowned for his empathy for the human condition, Rembrandt captured a certain truth about the human experience, particularly in his etchings. How many good impressions of any one print could be pulled? Rembrandt utilized dramatic lighting and was a master of chiaroscuro, or the use of strong contrasts between light and dark. Many of the most well-known artists in this medium have worked with it, including Rembrandt, Whistler, and Picasso. Later impressions (1800) go down in value to $600. It is the deterioration of the printing matrix (the block or plate) that raises a fundamental question every collector or print specialist is trying to answer when looking at a print: when was it printed? The Bs on T.M.s little Rembrandt reproductions refer to Bartschs work, consisting of 18 years of research in 21 huge volumes called Le Peintre Graveur (1821). Rembrandts etchings depict biblical scenes both from the Old Testament and the New Testament. Because the process is not photographic and there is no printing press, there are no dots in the image. This is still the main catalogue raisonne of all Rembrandt prints, and has been reprinted numerous times up until 1982. Item Details. One of only two known portraits of two people by Rembrandt, Portrait of Maerten Soolmans and Portrait of Oopjen Coppit, depicts Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit. has a series of 12, which indicates a portfolio, generated for the public in the 1920-40s. 166: REMBRANDT VAN RIJN (NETHERLANDS, 1606-1669) Est: $500 - $1,000. The etching plates are also highly valuable, but restrikes are cheap enough to allow anyone the opportunity to own a print by a favorite artist. A true master of detail through his expert use of line and shadow, it's not difficult to see why Rembrandtetchingsfor sale and paintings in museums are consistently among the most sought after and valuable Old Masters. School of Rembrandt Harmensz. Over the course of his long career, he made over 80 self-portraits in oil, in chalk, in pen and ink and wash, and in etching. . Rembrandt etchings and drypoints, were made working on copper plates, creating ink-holding furrows in these plates either directly (using a drypoint needle) or with etching (drawing through a wax-like substance covering a plate, then bathing the plate in acid to create furrows). This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 03:20 (UTC). This kind of mind was scientific, categorical and rational. IFAR has an online database of published catalogue raisonne. Without these (mostly) unknown scholars working for years, the art worlds auctions would grind to a halt. . Then images of allegories. Depending on the condition and rarity of the print, they can be worth hundreds or even thousands of dollars. But Rembrandt print connoisseurship is particularly involved and complex. Arthur M. Hind A Catalogue of Rembrandt's Etchings. It is STILL not completed. This is simply fantastic. Rembrandts scenes of ordinary people going about their everyday lives were inspired by his own observations and sketches of the world around him. In many cases they only vaguely resemble the compositions or details that Rembrandt had in mind. van Vliet after Rembrandt 1634 Original etching of a man with his hands raised. A week after I won my first auction house, I realized it was around 30,000. Little by little, the fine ridges of a woodblock are flattened or break, and the block may even crack; later impressions of woodcuts show gaps, the lines become broader, the image coarse and uneven. How can one determine the time a print was made? But despite that recent price, no one is quite sure which . The state of conservation, the rarity, importance and desirability of the subject, the knowledge of who is active in the market at that moment, general changes of taste, and provenance. Dutch artist Rembrandt Van Rijn established the most advanced etching technique. 29 Bartsch developed this system, and numbered image upon image of Old Master prints. From this method, it was only a small step to cutting a stand-alone image into the block, which could then be printed onto cloth, vellum or, with the establishment of the first paper mills in Europe around this time, paper. From 1642 1646, he expanded his school and took on more students, including artists Samuel van Hoogstraten and Karel Fabritius. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. An adviser to the Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, he formed the collection of the Albertina in Vienna. Access more artwork lots and estimated & realized auction prices on MutualArt. Of course, original etchings have the highest value . Christ presented to the people: the oblong plate, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_etchings_by_Rembrandt&oldid=1118822887, The artist's mother: head only, full face, The artist's mother: head and bust, three-quarters right, Self portrait, leaning forward, listening, Self portrait bareheaded, with high curly hair: head and bust, Self portrait bare-headed: bust, roughly etched, A beggar in a tall hat and long cloak, with a cottage and two figures in the background, Self portrait in a fur cap, in an oval border, Peter and John at the gate of the Temple: roughly etched, Beggar in a high cap, standing and leaning on a stick, Beggar with a crippled hand leaning on a stick, Self portrait open-mouthed, as if shouting: bust, Simeon's hymn of praise [The presentation in the Temple with the angel: the small plate], Christ disputing with the doctors: small plate, Bald-headed man in right profile [The artist's father? Rembrandts etchings also offer psychological interpretations that evoke personal involvement or investment with his subjects they tend to focus on the human soul, displaying personality through the power of gesture and expression. An etching is worth a lot depending on the size, quality, and artist. He discovered his true calling as an artist in 1620 when he studied under Italian-trained painter Jacob Isaacsz van Swanenburg. An oil painting by Ivan Jensen on canvas measuring 30 inches wide by 40 inches tall is stunning and rare. In 1962, the piece was valued at $100 million. It is not necessary to have a signature, monogram, or other distinguishing feature of your Rembrandt print to make it valuable. Van Rijn (1606-1669). $13.85 shipping. Rembrandt etched about 30 portraits of himself and painted an additional 40. Please note, this frame is highly fragile. There are a few things that can make prints extremely valuable. After images of the artist himself, the next category lists biblical subject matter. Following Rembrandt's passing in 1669, his remaining copper etching plates virtually stayed intact . The engraved lines in a metal plate lose their depth and sharpness; later impressions of engravings become grey and weak, as the grooves hold less ink and the finest lines begin to disappear. or Best Offer. While the value of a Rembrandt etching can vary widely depending on its age, condition, and provenance, a typical example might sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction.. Rembrandt etchings are available for sale in a variety of styles and colors on . The worker at the rear dabs ink on a metal plate bearing the design. Even centuries after his lifetime, Rembrandt's etchings are still considered some of the finest examples of the medium. The price range for an etching by a European artist is between $50 and $200. Etched lines wear down too. The Zee-Vaert, Handelende vande gedenckraeberdighste Zeerden met de Daeraenklevande op en Onderganghen der Voornaemste Heerschappijen de Pair of Antelope lamps by Rembrandt with original restored shades to create a fun and unique statement for any modern home. Rembrandts biblical prints convey dramatic scenes that best expressed powerful, human emotions, as exemplified in the renownedRembrandt etching The Hundred Guilder Print. The painting was painted a year after Rembrandts death, in 1634. It is no coincidence that Martin Schongauer (c.1448-91), the very first northern engraver known to us by name, came from Colmar in Alsace, and was born into a family of goldsmiths. After Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 - 1669), The Gold Weigher, etching and drypoint on laid paper, possibly published in the 18th century by Captain William Baillie, 24 x 20.5 cm, hinge mounted on to card, unframed; and After Albrecht Drer (1471 - 1528), Knight, Death and the Devil, engraving on paper, 24 x 19 cm, mounted at the corners on to card . Get the best stories from Christies.com in a weekly email, *We will never sell or rent your information. Hendrick Goltzius (1558-1617) after Bartholomeus Spranger (1546-1611). The Master of the Playing Cards (active circa 1435-55), The Queen of Flowers B (Geisberg 48.51; Lehrs 49), c. 1435-40. 2. His unparalleled skills and achievements as an etcher have made him a continuous source of inspiration to scholars and collectors alike, as well as a profound influence on many later artists, including Goya, Whistler and Picasso. Printed by Rae Boer after Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch; 1606 - 1669) Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House. Etchings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991: an excellent introduction ot the art and business of printing etchings in Rembrandt's studio published apart from the remainder of the 2-volume set on Rembrandt's paintings, drawings, and etchings published by Yale and the National Gallery of London), and G. W. Nowell-Usticke, Rembrandt's . An etching is a work of art that is created by using a needle or other sharp object to carve lines into a metal plate. Rembrandt was born in 1606 in Leiden, the son of a miller and a bakers daughter. Rembrandt Harmensz. Shortly after, he decided to add a window to the background of the plate, and printed some additional impressions. Etching on paper. What are the key differences between woodcuts and engravings? American Association of Appraisers, Certified Member. Rembrandt returned to Leiden in 1626 and shared a studio with his friend and fellow artist Jan Lievens. By pressing the inked or painted block onto a textile while the pigments were still moist, very much like a rubber stamp, the design would be transferred. Rembrandt is one of the most well-known artists of all time and his etchings are highly sought-after by collectors. Privacy Policy. " What's Happening to the " Rembrandt Millennium' Edition Etchings " Wonder what ever is happening with the Limited edition ( some limited edition 25 00 impressions ) of the " Rembrandt Millennium' Edition " , Let take the advantage to take a look at these works , since the year 2000 when these were published and what they are selling at on the Market . Rembrandt Etchings - The Good, The Bad and The Ugly. Because Rembrandt is so well known, many collectors want to start their print collecting career by owning a Rembrandt. It was at this time that Rembrandt went into debt, largely due to poor bookkeeping and his knack for collecting old prints, drawings, albums, curios, and other art objects. no. The lamps in this set have American lacquers and an original period shade. The natural pattern of the marble is covered by an extra layer of engraving. It is not a matter of mere snobbery or of authenticity the sense that a sheet was handled by the artist and printed in his workshop but of quality and aesthetic pleasure. A limited edition print by a well-known artist can sell for thousands of dollars, while a mass-produced print may only be worth a few dollars. A wonderfully elegant example of the artists work, the so-called Queen of Flowers B known only in this one impression was sold at Christies in London in 2006. Etchings are usually more detailed and have a greater range of tones than other forms of printmaking, such as lithography. Rembrandts etchings skillfully convey human emotion as viewed through the eyes of Rembrandt. These worthy tomes include the artists bibliographies, titles, sizes; dates of the work and reproductions; and who has owned the work. The technical . The plate must first be hand-inked in order to be created. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is probably the most valuable painting ever. It is likely that Watelet actually owned 83 of Rembrandt's copper plates because Basan published a recueil of Rembrandt etchings from 83 Rembrandt copper plates between 1789 and 1797. In his day, Bartsch could not illustrate his volumes. This is the only case of the printing of Rembrandt's etchings . The evolution of the plates, changes in the lines, reworkings, etc., are fairly well documented. Rembrandt prints at auction April 28: From left to right: Self Portrait with a Raised Sabre, etching, 1634.Estimate $30,000 to $50,000; The Rat Catcher, etching and drypoint, 1632.Estimate $25,000 to $35,000. The average price for an original rembrandt is $3,800, with the best brands starting at $234 and ending at $22,500. The Millenium Impressionspublished and printed from 1998 to 2008 from eight original plates that had been preserved at the turn of the 19th centuryhave offered collectors a more recent opportunity to acquire posthumously printed etchings from Rembrandt's plates. Yes, old Rembrandt prints are definitely worth something. . Rembrandt was fascinated by the biblical stories and their ability to capture the plight of the human spirit. ], This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 03:20. This is, therefore, a sector where you do not need to be a millionaire to start collecting although, as always, it does help. In his most confident self-portrait etching, Rembrandt portrayed himself in the manner of a Renaissance courtier. Alongside Lievens, Rembrandts etching skills improved vastly. Each etching is based on a state, and the most recent publication included photographs of each state. On Sunday, I was asked the same question at the Redondo Beach Antiques Fair. For more information, please contact Rembrandt Experts. Palo Alto, CA, Van Gogh Identified in Background of Toulouse-Lautrec Drawing, The History of Rembrandts Copper Etching Plates, Saint Peter and Saint John Healing the Cripple at the Gate of the Temple, 1659, Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House, 1648, Christ and the Woman of Samaria, Among Ruins, 1634, Jakob Thomasz Haringh (The Young Haring), 1655, Nude Man Seated and Another Standing, with a Woman and Baby in the Background, c. 1646, Rembrandt's Mother in Widow's Dress and Black Gloves, 1632, Studies of the Heads of Saskia and Other Women, 1636, Jan Uytenbogaert, Arminian Preacher, 1635, The Descent from the Cross: Second Plate, 1633, Jan Antonides van der Linden, Professor of Medicine, c. 1665. Born in 1606, Rembrandt was a prolific painter, draftsman and printmaker who made a mark in the visual . Roma is a city in the Italian Republic. An etching made using a metal plate was a method preferred by artists such as Rembrandt, according to the Fine Art Advocacy. Many of these were taken apart, framed and glazed because they leant an air of high culture and highbrow taste. He lived beyond his means for many decades and, in 1656, narrowly avoided bankruptcy- his house and possessions were put up for compulsory auction to pay off his debt. Sheet of studies, with a woman lying ill in bed, etc. Zn has grown in popularity in recent decades, becoming an important medium for etching. An etching is a work of art that has been hand-signed by the artist on the pieces back. Cir. Did Rembrandt print his own etchings? The combination of various states of Rembrandts prints, as well as his distinct printing techniques, created a sense of uniqueness in a method known for its high quality and mass production qualities. Rembrandt Artists Pastells by Sylvia Spicuzza is an American contemporary pastel drawing. For example, wonderful lifetime impressions of prints by Rembrandts 17th Century Dutch contemporaries, such as Adriaen Van Ostade, or Cornelis Bega, are available at a fraction of the cost of many Rembrandt re-strikes on the market. There are many original Rembrandt paintings for sale. An aspiring connoisseur should see lots of impressions (in the great museum collections) before buying one; should consult with trusted dealers and scholars about any prospective print; should read a number of the catalogues on Rembrandt to get a sense of the evolution of the plate over time. Ancient and unique forms of art, etching is used to depict scenes from history or mythology. 1648. Valuable Rembrandt prints do not only have to be from the 1600s (during Rembrandt's lifetime). For example, when Rembrandt first created the portrait etching of Jan Lutma, Goldsmith in 1656, he left the background mostly blank and printed a few impressions of it. This month, 1st Dibs exclusively features two rare Ivan Jensens. Most of the earliest engravings were quite small, hand-coloured and pasted into books, thus serving as cheap substitutes for book illuminations. However, their value also depends on the popularity of the artist and the edition size. In particular, Rembrandts etchings display his innovative use of materials and etching techniques. The painting depicts a man who has fainted and is being tended to by two women. Furthermore, etching is widely signed, making it an important authentication tool. With a tilted beret and fanciful costume, he modeled his pose from an Italian Renaissance portrait by Titian (1485-1576) and Raphael (1483-1520), symbolically identifying himself as part of a great artistic tradition. LONDON (Reuters) - A Rembrandt painting unseen in public for nearly 40 years sold for a record 20.2 million pounds ($33.2 million) at auction in London on Tuesday, the highest ever paid at auction for the 17th century artist. The works of the great graphic visionary Francisco de Goya (1746-1828), who has been described as the last Old Master and the first modern artist, serve as a useful, if somewhat arbitrary end point. van Rijn (Dutch (active Leiden and Amsterdam), 1606-1669) Formerly attributed to Rembrandt Harmensz. A self-portrait by Rembrandt sold for $18.7 million at a Sotheby's virtual auction Tuesday a record price for a self-portrait by the Dutch master. Given that Rembrandt van Rijn painted over 700 paintings, it comes as no surprise that his most valuable paintings are the ones that are only a few copies. Even a painting as supposedly secure as the Polish Rider has divided scholars: following an attribution to Rembrandt in the nineteenth century the painting's authorship was questioned in 1984 before being re-attributed to Rembrandt in the 1990s.
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