[11] The Wehrmacht never officially adopted it as a concept or doctrine. The author vaguely suggests that a massive strategic air attack might hold out better prospects but the topic is not explored in detail. [citation needed] The Allied air forces had no close air support aircraft, training or doctrine. = 2 5/20 This is especially true if the attacking formation lacks the reserve to keep funnelling forces into the spearhead, or lacks the mobility to provide infantry, artillery and supplies into the attack. [76], Allied air superiority became a significant hindrance to German operations during the later years of the war. J. P. Harris and Robert M. Citino point out that the Germans had always had a marked preference for short, decisive campaigns but were unable to achieve short-order victories in First World War conditions. The tactic was based on Alfred von Schlieffen's 'Schlieffen Plan' - this The Germans quickly advanced through the forest, knocking down the trees the French thought would impede this tactic. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. Answer (1 of 14): The Blitzkrieg, a combined arms attack featuring well trained troops, tankers, artillery and dive bombers, throwing caution to the wind, and driving into a presumed weak spot in their opponent's defenses. Joseph McCarthy was the US lawmaker who made a name for himself in the 1950s accusing people of being communists. Blitzkrieg seemed to be based around the pervasive use of new technology. [47] In an advance of 65 miles (105km), captures were estimated to be "at least 25,000 prisoners and 260 guns. "[124] Further, successful Blitzkrieg operations were predicated on superior numbers, air-support, and were only possible for short periods of time without sufficient supply lines. 576 square inches Blitzkrieg tactics required the concentration of offensive weapons (such as tanks, planes, and artillery) along a narrow front. How are most Native American tribes grouped in the national tribes? Military planners and bureaucrats in the war economy appear rarely, if ever, to have employed the term blitzkrieg in official documents. Panzer Lehr, for instance, on 7 June alone lost 84 half-tracks, prime movers and self propelled guns, 40 fuel bowsers, 90 soft-skinned vehicles and five tanks as it made its way from Le Mans to Caen. Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, involved a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorized forces. [112], The last German offensive on the Western front, the Battle of the Bulge (Operation Wacht am Rhein), was an offensive launched towards the port of Antwerp in December 1944. In this fascinating documentary, Clare Mulley . It was an innovative military technique first used by the Germans in World War Two and was a tactic based on speed and surprise. Paradoxically, from that period onward it became its weakness. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? It was never used in the title of a military doctrine or handbook of the German army or air force,[8] and no "coherent doctrine" or "unifying concept of blitzkrieg" existed. Overy presents this as evidence that a "blitzkrieg economy" did not exist. swagtron serial number. "Blitzkrieg Ambiguities: Doubtful Usage of a Famous Word. [88][i] There was no time for the French to send such reinforcement, for the Germans did not wait for siege artillery but reached the Meuse and achieved a breakthrough at the Battle of Sedan in three days. In recent years historians have uncovered that Liddell Hart distorted and falsified facts to make it appear as if his ideas were adopted. Kielmansegg asserted that what many regarded as blitzkrieg was nothing more than "ad hoc solutions that simply popped out of the prevailing situation". = 2 1/4. During World War Two, Germany used Blitzkrieg warfare or "Lightning War" to quickly sweep through Europe. Although production of Luftwaffe fighter aircraft continued, they would be unable to fly for lack of fuel. C. It became wealthy and powerful. They coincidentally allotted exactly the same number of infantry divisions to the right wing's attack on the Low Countries. [89], Panzer Group Kleist raced to the English Channel, reaching the coast at Abbeville, and cut off the BEF, the Belgian Army and some of the best-equipped divisions of the French Army in northern France. Phantom war. In the 1930s, Guderian summarized this as "Klotzen, nicht kleckern!" Hitler claimed that relying on surprise alone was "criminal" and that "we have to prepare for a long war along with surprise attack". Subsequently, shortages soon developed in food, fuel and ammunition, severely hampering the German defenders. Blitzkrieg (/ b l t s k r i / BLITS-kreeg, German: [bltskik] (); from Blitz 'lightning' + Krieg 'war') is a word used to describe a surprise attack using a rapid, overwhelming force concentration that may consist of armored and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, together with close air support, that has the intent to break through the opponent's lines of defense . C. 80 square inches -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. After the bombing of Guernica in 1937 and the Rotterdam Blitz in 1940, it was commonly assumed that terror bombing was a part of Luftwaffe doctrine. [citation needed], Blitzkrieg had been called a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) but many writers and historians have concluded that the Germans did not invent a new form of warfare but applied new technologies to traditional ideas of Bewegungskrieg (maneuver warfare) to achieve decisive victory. The targets of the German aircraft were actually the rail lines and bridges. His opinions appeared in his book Vers l'Arme de mtier (Towards the Professional Army, 1933). [130], Overy wrote that blitzkrieg as a "coherent military and economic concept has proven a difficult strategy to defend in light of the evidence". By the end of the war, Germany found itself defeated by the strategic (Schwerpunkt) and tactical (Kesselschlacht) concepts that had initially brought it such success. Score 1. Panzer IV in France 1940. One author commented that European military powers were increasingly making the bomber force the heart of their airpower. A. In an article addressed to critics of tank warfare, he wrote "until our critics can produce some new and better method of making a successful land attack other than self-massacre, we shall continue to maintain our beliefs that tanksproperly employed, needless to sayare today the best means available for land attack." The Germans never used the term Blitzkrieg in any precise sense, and almost never used it outside of quotations. Thus, "the image of the German 'Blitzkrieg' army is a figment of propaganda imagination". The term blitzkrieg is used with reference to German efforts to win a quick victory in the First World War but is not associated with the use of armored, mechanized or air forces. The _______ Project was the top-secret project tasked with developing atomic weapons in the United States. D. the amount of matter in an object. Germanys success with the tactic at the beginning of World War II hinged largely on the fact that it was the only country that had effectively linked its combined forces with radio communications. 1134-6, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63329.html, "Fort Eben-Emael: Geographic Pivot of the Western Front, 1940", "Advancing Backwards: The Demodernization of the German Army in World War 2", "How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy (January 7, 2020)", https://doi.org/10.1179/106980489790305551, Armstrong, G. P. The Controversy over Tanks in the British Army 1919 to 1933 (PhD 1976), Sinesi, Michael. 257-60, Oberleutnant D. Braun, 'Der strategische Uberfall', Militr-Wochenblatt XVIII (1938), pp. In the Soviet Union, a combination of brutal winters and a willingness to sacrifice Soviet lives . Main telephone: 202.488.0400 By imposing, retrospectively, his own perceptions of mobile warfare upon the shallow concept of blitzkrieg, he "created a theoretical imbroglio that has taken 40 years to unravel. Fuller and Sir Basil Liddell Hart providing the tactics necessary to translate the theory into action. ]. If it were instead hilly, wooded, marshy, or urban, armor would be vulnerable to infantry in close-quarters combat and unable to break out at full speed. The French had developed a light and fast-moving tank. = 15 ? = 15 * 3/20 "[123] Hanson also reports that at a Munich public address in November 1941, Hitler had "disowned" the concept of Blitzkrieg by calling it an "idiotic word. What was Blitzkrieg and Who Created it. [116] Overy disagreed with the idea that Hitler and the Nazi regime ever intended a blitzkrieg war, because the once popular belief that the Nazi state organized their economy to carry out its grand strategy in short campaigns was false. [82], During the war, the Condor Legion undertook the 1937 bombing of Guernica, which had a tremendous psychological effect on the populations of Europe. This proved critical in early tank battles where German tank commanders exploited the organizational advantage over the Allies that radio communication gave them. Prior to the German offensive in May, Winston Churchill had said "Thank God for the French Army". The Queen wanted all the money from the New World. = 45/20 [144], The Luftwaffe did end up with an air force consisting mainly of relatively short-range aircraft, but this does not prove that the German air force was solely interested in 'tactical' bombing. [152], Fuller and Liddell Hart were "outsiders": Liddell Hart was unable to serve as a soldier after 1916 after being gassed on the Somme and Fuller's abrasive personality resulted in his premature retirement in 1933. = 15 ? He was later asked to write an explanatory book, which was titled Achtung Panzer! We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. The French, hard pressed to organize any sort of counter-attack, were continually ordered to form new defensive lines and found that German forces had already by-passed them and moved on. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. (1937). This is a crude caricature of a highly competent general who authored Army Regulation 300 (Troop Leadership) in 1933, the primary tactical manual of the German Army in World War II, and under whose direction the first three panzer divisions were created in 1935, the largest such force in the world of the time.[157]. [3] The term was first used in the publications of Ferdinand Otto Miksche, first in the magazine "Army Quarterly"[e], and in his 1941 book, Blitzkrieg where he defined the concept. User: why was the north Atlantic treaty organization formed in 1949. Some of the historians that have addressed the misconception of the originality and formalisation of blitzkrieg in their works are: Shimon Naveh (, These are some of the many notable historians that have casually used the term, Nothing appeared in Luftwaffe 'doctrine' stipulating "terror" as a major operational factor. Milward described an economy positioned between a full war economy and a peacetime economy. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [41], Norman Stone detects early blitzkrieg operations in offensives by the French generals Charles Mangin and Marie-Eugne Debeney in 1918. = 2 1/4. Fighter-bomber attacks on German formations made movement during daylight almost impossible. "If the tanks succeed, then victory follows", he wrote. Hitler strongly supported this new strategy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. What is the area of a piece of plywood measuring 2 feet 8 inches long by 2 feet 4 inches wide? The prestigious Militrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, the War Ministry's journal, which was founded in 1936, published a number of theoretical pieces on future developments in air warfare. Schwerpunkt has been translated as center of gravity, crucial, focal point and point of main effort. Staff burden was reduced at the top and spread among tiers of command with knowledge about their situation. Dixie is the name pro-slavery rebel states took on when they broke away from the United States. [citation needed] The reverse can be seen in the Russian summer offensive of 1944, Operation Bagration, which resulted in the destruction of Army Group Center. Realizing the limitations of infantry and cavalry, Tukhachevsky advocated mechanized formations and the large-scale industrialization they required. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW = 2 1/4. [99] The Red Army had survived enormous losses and regrouped with new formations far to the rear of the front line. During the interwar period the Luftwaffe leadership rejected the concept of terror bombing in favor of battlefield support and interdiction operations. Willmott writes that, "Many examples of the experiences and losses suffered by German formations moving up to the front are well known. C. 12 in. [104] In the following months, the Red Army constructed deep defensive belts along the paths of the planned German attack. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," is a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using highly mobile ground and air forces. [9], Despite being common in German and English-language journalism during World War II, the word Blitzkrieg was never used by the Wehrmacht as an official military term, except for propaganda. Weegy is another website similar to Quora where people can ask questions but it also uses Artificial Intelligence as well as real people to answer the questions. The demands of the war economy reduced the amount of spending in non-military sectors to satisfy the demand for the armed forces. Updates? On the Eastern Front, the war did not bog down into trench warfare; German and Russian armies fought a war of maneuver over thousands of miles, which gave the German leadership unique experience not available to the trench-bound western Allies. [32] By the time of the Second World War, their reports had led to doctrinal and training publications, including H. Dv. = 45/20 The construction and training of motorized forces and a full mobilization of the rail networks would not begin until 1943 and 1944 respectively. Once war had begun, Hitler urged his economic experts to abandon caution and expend all available resources on the war effort but the expansion plans only gradually gained momentum in 1941. 487, Fhrung und Gefecht der verbundenen Waffen (Command and Battle of the Combined Arms), known as das Fug (192123) and Truppenfhrung (193334), containing standard procedures for combined-arms warfare. [154], It has been argued that blitzkrieg was not new; the Germans did not invent something called blitzkrieg in the 1920s and 1930s. Cotton was the economic foundation of the Southern states in the mid-1800s. Weegy: Blitzkrieg is a term used to describe a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support. [6] The term had appeared in 1935, in a German military periodical Deutsche Wehr (German Defense), in connection to quick or lightning warfare. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. Blitzkrieg (/bltskri/ BLITS-kreeg, German: [bltskik] (listen); from Blitz 'lightning' + Krieg 'war') is a word used to describe a surprise attack using a rapid, overwhelming force concentration that may consist of armored and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, together with close air support, that has the intent to break through the opponent's lines of defense, then dislocate the defenders, unbalance the enemy by making it difficult to respond to the continuously changing front, and defeat them in a decisive Vernichtungsschlacht: a battle of annihilation. C. After five years of work But once the Second World War became that war of production and a defensive one for the Germans Blitzkrieg was a far less useful tactic. Student described it as ideas that "naturally emerged from the existing circumstances" as a response to operational challenges. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht. [13] Modern historians use the term casually as a generic description for the style of maneuver warfare practiced by Germany during the early part of World War II, rather than as an explanation. German thinking reverted to the possibility of a quick and decisive war for the Balkan campaign and Operation Barbarossa.[115]. [23] In September 1939, Time magazine termed the German military action as a "war of quick penetration and obliteration Blitzkrieg, lightning war. In World War II, German Panzer forces used motorized mobility to paralyze the opponent's ability to react. The German army, contrary to the blitzkrieg legend, was not fully motorized and had only 120,000 vehicles, compared to the 300,000 of the French Army. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. During the Battle of France, the French made attempts to reform defensive lines along rivers but were frustrated when German forces arrived first and pressed on. In smaller countries or countries engaged in internal strife, according to Clausewitzs reasoning, the capital becomes the centre of gravity and should be identified as the Schwerpunkt. 6 2/3 [72] Since the French thought the Ardennes unsuitable for massive troop movement, particularly for tanks, they were left with only light defenses which were quickly overrun by the Wehrmacht. During the winter of 193940, Hitler demobilized many troops from the army to return as skilled workers to factories because the war would be decided by production, not a quick "Panzer operation". [113], At the outbreak of war, the German army had no radically new theory of war. [99][100], In the summer of 1942, Germany launched another offensive, this time focusing on Stalingrad and the Caucasus in the southern USSR. Answer (1 of 24): What post-war historians deemed Blitzkrieg was based on a concept known as schwerpunkt, meaning center of gravity or focal point. In November 1937 Hitler had indicated that most of the armament projects would be completed by 194345. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? This claim has been disputed by later historians. Some of the military historians who consider Operation Citadel, or at least the southern pincer, as envisioning a blitzkrieg attack or state it was intended as such are: Lloyd Clark (, Many of the German participants of Operation Citadel made no mention of blitzkrieg in their characterisation of the operation. = 45/20 Blitzkrieg means "lightning war". User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? But blitzkrieg wasn't quite dead yet, it was successfully used against the Soviet Union in 1941 who failed to heed to many of the warnings they could have gathered from the Battle of France. Question 16 options: A) A method of war using motorized vehicles and aggressive movement B) A German term describing racial unity C) A German term for "peace with honor" D) A method of war involving extensive fortifications and . This war tactic was very effective. Fast-moving mobile forces seized the initiative, exploited weaknesses and acted before opposing forces could respond. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. Log in for more information. [51] In 2002 H. P. Willmott had noted that deep battle contained two important differences: it was a doctrine of total war (not of limited operations), and rejected decisive battle in favor of several large, simultaneous offensives. A frontal attack would immobilize the enemy while forces on the flanks would execute a double envelopment, forming a pocket called a Kessel (cauldron) around the enemy. = 15 ? It was later applied to the bombing of Britain, particularly London, hence "The Blitz". [156], Heinz Guderian is widely regarded as being highly influential in developing the military methods of warfare used by Germany's tank men at the start of the Second World War. When Liddell Hart was questioned about this in 1968 and the discrepancy between the English and German editions of Guderian's memoirs, "he gave a conveniently unhelpful though strictly truthful reply. You must defend the motherland from invading convoys of tanks, cars, and jeeps while enemy aircraft bomb vital buildings. [40], In the Sinai and Palestine campaign, operations involved some aspects of what would later be called blitzkrieg. Answer (1 of 5): Which Pravda are you referring to? It had its origins with the Schwerpunktprinzip (concentration principle) proposed by Carl von Clausewitz in his seminal work On War (1832). His book offers scant clues as to how German lightning victories might be won. But lacking the ability to hit them with accuracy (only three or four Ju 87s saw action in Spain), the Luftwaffe chose a method of carpet bombing, resulting in heavy civilian casualties. Another German theorist, Ernst Volckheim, wrote a huge amount on tank and combined arms tactics and was influential to German thinking on the use of armored formations but his work was not acknowledged in Guderian's writings.[159]. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to What US foreign policy idea was expressed in a military manner with involvement in the Korean War? 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Successful in Poland, France and North Africa, the Blitzkrieg seemed to be. [46], The British methods induced "strategic paralysis" among the Ottomans and led to their rapid and complete collapse. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. The Soviets again lost tremendous amounts of territory, only to counter-attack once more during winter. Civilians were not to be targeted directly, but the breakdown of production would affect their morale and will to fight. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? [k] In 2000, Niklas Zetterling and Anders Frankson characterized only the southern pincer of the German offensive as a "classical blitzkrieg attack". [114], Frieser wrote that after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan in 1914, the German army concluded that decisive battles were no longer possible in the changed conditions of the twentieth century. In Doctrine and Training in the German Army 19191939, O'Neill wrote. Blitzkrieg is most commonly associated with Nazi Germany during World War II even though numerous combatants used its techniques in that war. and upon observing armored field exercises at Kummersdorf he remarked, "That is what I want and that is what I will have."[54][55]. [35] Implementation of higher orders remained within limits determined by the training doctrine of an elite officer-corps. The use of mobility, shock, and locally concentrated firepower in a skillfully coordinated attack paralyzed an adversarys capacity to organize defenses, rather than attempting to physically overcome them, and then exploited that paralysis by penetrating to the adversarys rear areas and disrupting its whole system of communications and administration.
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