The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. 2012;112:1715. Google Scholar. 2009;27:556572. However, Li et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Google Scholar. Sci STKE. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Neurosci Lett. Behav Brain Res. Koch C, Zador A. Google Scholar. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Dasdag et al. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Article Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Merola et al. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. PubMed [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). 2002;64:31353. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Eastern J Med. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Correspondence to Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015;56:2618. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2008;29:52738. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. 2013;34:58998. 2008;169:3845. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. 2016;25:31827. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2000;284:30017. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Acta Pharmacol Sin. J Pharm Sci. CAS Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Bioelectromagnetics. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Biol Chem. 2006;27:16471. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 2001;12:72931. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Ning et al. Thus, Cosquer et al. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Mol Brain Res. 1999;9:3438. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 2012;31:6774. 2011;107:35661. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Acta Neurol Belg. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Am J Epidemiol. Part of In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. PubMed Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 2004;115:1490505. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 2000;11:4135. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. J Electromagnet Anal. PubMed Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. The role of microRNAs in cancer. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. millimeter, or equivalently. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;25:1828. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Harris KM. 2006;27:11926. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. CAS In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Mol Cell Biol. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Wang et al. 2017;38:106976. 2000;6:18793. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016;74:99107. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Brain Res Rev. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Cell Biochem Biophys. Google Scholar. 2013;5:5500110. Military Medical Research To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2012;3:3440. Kwon et al. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Zhang et al. Electromagn Biol Med. 2003;11:346. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2004;48:46624. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2016;397:2239. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Brain Res. Article Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 1993;13:41322. Article PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2009;64:2314. 2011;343:5224. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. 2015;36:4804. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 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J Radiat Res (Tokyo). It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Fragopoulou et al. Terms and Conditions, Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2007;96:218196. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2014:125. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. PubMed Zhao et al. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. J Neuro-Oncol. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2012;31:25074. Bioelectromagnetics. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Biomed Environ Sci. J Radiat Proc. 2003;80:177. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Cite this article. 2013;73:4737. Wang et al. 2013;17:711. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2000;11:16413. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. 2007;34:146779. 2007;27:6024. PubMed Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. 1997;44:99104. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. 2014;70:84555. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. J Clin Oncol. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. J Neurosci. PubMed Central [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Iran J Public Health. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Surg Neurol. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. CAS PLoS One. 2014;12:75. Neurotoxicology. 2015;51:15865. BMJ. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. 2001;93:2037. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al.