festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. 2. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. June 22, 2015 /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. Festinger, L. (1957). To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. ---------------------References: Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Let us review these briefly: 1. Hum. Rating scale 0 to 10. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). 60 0 obj How would a social psychologist describe this situation? /Info 46 0 R "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. This has many practical implications. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. These are: 1. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. Leon Festinger and his colleague James xref If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Therefore the person's attitude changes. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. I hope you did enjoy it. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? /N 8 In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. << The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. 3. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. (p.47) (p.3). The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. experiment. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Cognitive Dissonance. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. 3. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. 50 0 obj endobj Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. The S worked at this task for another half hour. /ImageC Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. >> [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Add to folder This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Introducing Cram Folders! He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." (The secretary had left the office.) Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). 4. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect.